FreeBSD 开发手册

供稿：Murray Stokely 和 Jeroen Ruigrok van der Werven.

/usr/src
cc
MAINTAINER
kgdb
.emacs
/usr/src
/usr/src
bin/
/bin
contrib/
crypto/
etc/
/etc
games/
/usr/games
gnu/
include/
/usr/include
kerberos5/
lib/
/usr/lib
libexec/
/usr/libexec
release/
rescue/
/rescue
sbin/
/sbin
secure/
share/
/usr/share
sys/
tools/
usr.bin/
/usr/bin
usr.sbin/
/usr/sbin
sed
awk
sh
csh
lang/bwbasic
lang/pbasic
lang/gcl
lang/clisp
lang/cmucl
lang/slisp
lang/perl5
/usr/bin/perl
lang/elk
lang/mit-scheme
lang/scm
lang/icon
lang/logo
lang/python
lang/ruby18
lang/tcl84
lang/gpc
lang/fpc
devel/kdevelop
cc
cc
gcc
cc
% cc foobar.c

foobar.c
% cc foo.c bar.c

cc
filename
cc
a.out
% cc foobar.c
可执行文件是 a.out
% cc -o foobar foobar.c     可执行文件是 foobar

Makefile
% cc -c foobar.c

foobar.o
% cc -g foobar.c

cc
% cc -O -o foobar foobar.c

foobar
cc
cc
cc
cc
cc
cc
% cc -Wall -ansi -pedantic -o foobar foobar.c

foobar.c
foobar
library
libsomething.a
cc
something
libm.a
cc
% cc -o foobar foobar.c -lm

foobar
c++
cc
c++
g++
% cc -o foobar foobar.cc
-lg++     对于 FreeBSD 2.1.6 或者更低的版本
% cc -o foobar foobar.cc -lstdc++
对 FreeBSD 2.2 或者更高的版本
% c++ -o foobar foobar.cc

foobar.cc
foobar
.C
.cxx
.cc
.cpp
gcc
.cpp
cc
foobar.c
foobar
foobar
ls
foobar
test
core dumped
segmentation fault
bus error
/var/tmp/cc0143941.o: Undefined symbol `_sin' referenced from text segment

cc
% cc -o foobar foobar.c -lm

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    float f;

    f = pow(2.1, 6);
    printf("2.1 ^ 6 = %f\n", f);
    return 0;
}

% cc temp.c -lm

% ./a.out
2.1 ^ 6 = 1023.000000

math.h
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
...

% ./a.out
2.1 ^ 6 = 85.766121

math.h
foobar.c
foobar
cc
a.out
filename
% cc -o foobar foobar.c

foobar
ls
foobar
./foobar
foobar
PATH
bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:.

test
/usr/bin
test
% ./test

core dumped
core
gdb
segmentation fault
char *foo = NULL;
strcpy(foo, "bang!");

char *foo;
strcpy(foo, "bang!");

int bar[20];
bar[27] = 6;

char *foo = "My string";
strcpy(foo, "bang!");

"My
string"
char bar[80];
free(bar);

char *foo = malloc(27);
free(foo);
free(foo);

bus error
% ps

% kill -ABRT pid

pid
gcore
make
% cc file1.c file2.c

% cc file1.o file2.o ... file37.c ...

file37.c
make
fromboz.o
fromboz.c
fromboz.c
makefile
Makefile
MAKEFILE
Makefile
make
foo: foo.c
    cc -o foo foo.c

make
foo
foo
foo.c
foo
foo.c
foo.c
foo
foo
make
foo
foo.c
foo
foo.c
Makefile
foo: foo.c
    cc -o foo foo.c

install:
    cp foo /home/me

% make target

make
foo
foo
install
foo
foo
install
install
foo
make
touch
#include <stdio.h>
#include "foo.h"

int main(....

foo.h
Makefile
foo: foo.c foo.h

gcc
depend:
    gcc -E -MM *.c > .depend

.depend
foo.o: foo.c foo.h

foo.h
make
foo.h
make
depend
Makefile
MASTER_SITES=   ftp://freefall.cdrom.com/pub/FreeBSD/LOCAL_PORTS/
DISTFILES=      scheme-microcode+dist-7.3-freebsd.tgz

.include <bsd.port.mk>

make
make
bsd.port.mk
make
/usr/share/mk
make
Make
make
/usr/share/doc/psd/12.make
% zmore paper.ascii.gz

gmake
/usr/local/info
dir
 * Make: (make).                 The GNU Make utility.

gdb
% gdb progname

M-x gdb RET progname RET

gdb
gdb
gdb
gdb
... (no debugging symbols found) ...

gdb
n
f
up
down
gdb
#include <stdio.h>

int bazz(int anint);

main() {
    int i;

    printf("This is my program\n");
    bazz(i);
    return 0;
}

int bazz(int anint) {
    printf("You gave me %d\n", anint);
    return anint;
}

5
% cc -g -o temp temp.c
% ./temp
This is my program
anint = 4231

% gdb temp
GDB is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies of it
 under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB; type "show warranty" for details.
GDB 4.13 (i386-unknown-freebsd), Copyright 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
(gdb) break main               Skip the set-up code
Breakpoint 1 at 0x160f: file temp.c, line 9.    gdb puts breakpoint at main()
(gdb) run                   Run as far as main()
Starting program: /home/james/tmp/temp      Program starts running

Breakpoint 1, main () at temp.c:9       gdb stops at main()
(gdb) n                       Go to next line
This is my program              Program prints out
(gdb) s                       step into bazz()
bazz (anint=4231) at temp.c:17          gdb displays stack frame
(gdb)

4231
5
(gdb) up                   Move up call stack
#1  0x1625 in main () at temp.c:11      gdb displays stack frame
(gdb) p i                   Show us the value of i
$1 = 4231                   gdb displays 4231

...
main() {
    int i;

    i = 5;
    printf("This is my program\n");
...

i=5;
gdb
up
down
progname.core
core
gdb
break
run
(gdb) core progname.core

% gdb a.out
GDB is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies of it
 under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB; type "show warranty" for details.
GDB 4.13 (i386-unknown-freebsd), Copyright 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
(gdb) core a.out.core
Core was generated by `a.out'.
Program terminated with signal 11, Segmentation fault.
Cannot access memory at address 0x7020796d.
#0  0x164a in bazz (anint=0x5) at temp.c:17
(gdb)

a.out
a.out.core
bt
gdb
(gdb) bt
#0  0x164a in bazz (anint=0x5) at temp.c:17
#1  0xefbfd888 in end ()
#2  0x162c in main () at temp.c:11
(gdb)

gdb
gdb
ps
gdb
(gdb) attach pid

gdb
...
if ((pid = fork()) < 0)      /* _Always_ check this */
    error();
else if (pid == 0) {        /* child */
    int PauseMode = 1;

    while (PauseMode)
        sleep(10);  /* Wait until someone attaches to us */
    ...
} else {            /* parent */
    ...

0
info
gdb
M-x replace-s RET foo RET
bar RET
replace-string
foo
C-x C-c
C-z
.emacs
.emacs
;
-*- Emacs-Lisp -*-
.emacs
M-n
M-p
C-c C-c
% emacsclient filename

.emacs
;; -*-Emacs-Lisp-*-

;; This file is designed to be re-evaled; use the variable first-time
;; to avoid any problems with this.
(defvar first-time t
  "Flag signifying this is the first time that .emacs has been evaled")

;; Meta
(global-set-key "\M- " 'set-mark-command)
(global-set-key "\M-\C-h" 'backward-kill-word)
(global-set-key "\M-\C-r" 'query-replace)
(global-set-key "\M-r" 'replace-string)
(global-set-key "\M-g" 'goto-line)
(global-set-key "\M-h" 'help-command)

;; Function keys
(global-set-key [f1] 'manual-entry)
(global-set-key [f2] 'info)
(global-set-key [f3] 'repeat-complex-command)
(global-set-key [f4] 'advertised-undo)
(global-set-key [f5] 'eval-current-buffer)
(global-set-key [f6] 'buffer-menu)
(global-set-key [f7] 'other-window)
(global-set-key [f8] 'find-file)
(global-set-key [f9] 'save-buffer)
(global-set-key [f10] 'next-error)
(global-set-key [f11] 'compile)
(global-set-key [f12] 'grep)
(global-set-key [C-f1] 'compile)
(global-set-key [C-f2] 'grep)
(global-set-key [C-f3] 'next-error)
(global-set-key [C-f4] 'previous-error)
(global-set-key [C-f5] 'display-faces)
(global-set-key [C-f8] 'dired)
(global-set-key [C-f10] 'kill-compilation)

;; Keypad bindings
(global-set-key [up] "\C-p")
(global-set-key [down] "\C-n")
(global-set-key [left] "\C-b")
(global-set-key [right] "\C-f")
(global-set-key [home] "\C-a")
(global-set-key [end] "\C-e")
(global-set-key [prior] "\M-v")
(global-set-key [next] "\C-v")
(global-set-key [C-up] "\M-\C-b")
(global-set-key [C-down] "\M-\C-f")
(global-set-key [C-left] "\M-b")
(global-set-key [C-right] "\M-f")
(global-set-key [C-home] "\M-<")
(global-set-key [C-end] "\M->")
(global-set-key [C-prior] "\M-<")
(global-set-key [C-next] "\M->")

;; Mouse
(global-set-key [mouse-3] 'imenu)

;; Misc
(global-set-key [C-tab] "\C-q\t")   ; Control tab quotes a tab.
(setq backup-by-copying-when-mismatch t)

;; Treat 'y' or <CR> as yes, 'n' as no.
(fset 'yes-or-no-p 'y-or-n-p)
(define-key query-replace-map [return] 'act)
(define-key query-replace-map [?\C-m] 'act)

;; Load packages
(require 'desktop)
(require 'tar-mode)

;; Pretty diff mode
(autoload 'ediff-buffers "ediff" "Intelligent Emacs interface to diff" t)
(autoload 'ediff-files "ediff" "Intelligent Emacs interface to diff" t)
(autoload 'ediff-files-remote "ediff"
  "Intelligent Emacs interface to diff")

(if first-time
    (setq auto-mode-alist
      (append '(("\\.cpp$" . c++-mode)
            ("\\.hpp$" . c++-mode)
            ("\\.lsp$" . lisp-mode)
            ("\\.scm$" . scheme-mode)
            ("\\.pl$" . perl-mode)
            ) auto-mode-alist)))

;; Auto font lock mode
(defvar font-lock-auto-mode-list
  (list 'c-mode 'c++-mode 'c++-c-mode 'emacs-lisp-mode 'lisp-mode 'perl-mode 'scheme-mode)
  "List of modes to always start in font-lock-mode")

(defvar font-lock-mode-keyword-alist
  '((c++-c-mode . c-font-lock-keywords)
    (perl-mode . perl-font-lock-keywords))
  "Associations between modes and keywords")

(defun font-lock-auto-mode-select ()
  "Automatically select font-lock-mode if the current major mode is in font-lock-auto-mode-list"
  (if (memq major-mode font-lock-auto-mode-list)
      (progn
    (font-lock-mode t))
    )
  )

(global-set-key [M-f1] 'font-lock-fontify-buffer)

;; New dabbrev stuff
;(require 'new-dabbrev)
(setq dabbrev-always-check-other-buffers t)
(setq dabbrev-abbrev-char-regexp "\\sw\\|\\s_")
(add-hook 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook
      '(lambda ()
         (set (make-local-variable 'dabbrev-case-fold-search) nil)
         (set (make-local-variable 'dabbrev-case-replace) nil)))
(add-hook 'c-mode-hook
      '(lambda ()
         (set (make-local-variable 'dabbrev-case-fold-search) nil)
         (set (make-local-variable 'dabbrev-case-replace) nil)))
(add-hook 'text-mode-hook
      '(lambda ()
         (set (make-local-variable 'dabbrev-case-fold-search) t)
         (set (make-local-variable 'dabbrev-case-replace) t)))

;; C++ and C mode...
(defun my-c++-mode-hook ()
  (setq tab-width 4)
  (define-key c++-mode-map "\C-m" 'reindent-then-newline-and-indent)
  (define-key c++-mode-map "\C-ce" 'c-comment-edit)
  (setq c++-auto-hungry-initial-state 'none)
  (setq c++-delete-function 'backward-delete-char)
  (setq c++-tab-always-indent t)
  (setq c-indent-level 4)
  (setq c-continued-statement-offset 4)
  (setq c++-empty-arglist-indent 4))

(defun my-c-mode-hook ()
  (setq tab-width 4)
  (define-key c-mode-map "\C-m" 'reindent-then-newline-and-indent)
  (define-key c-mode-map "\C-ce" 'c-comment-edit)
  (setq c-auto-hungry-initial-state 'none)
  (setq c-delete-function 'backward-delete-char)
  (setq c-tab-always-indent t)
;; BSD-ish indentation style
  (setq c-indent-level 4)
  (setq c-continued-statement-offset 4)
  (setq c-brace-offset -4)
  (setq c-argdecl-indent 0)
  (setq c-label-offset -4))

;; Perl mode
(defun my-perl-mode-hook ()
  (setq tab-width 4)
  (define-key c++-mode-map "\C-m" 'reindent-then-newline-and-indent)
  (setq perl-indent-level 4)
  (setq perl-continued-statement-offset 4))

;; Scheme mode...
(defun my-scheme-mode-hook ()
  (define-key scheme-mode-map "\C-m" 'reindent-then-newline-and-indent))

;; Emacs-Lisp mode...
(defun my-lisp-mode-hook ()
  (define-key lisp-mode-map "\C-m" 'reindent-then-newline-and-indent)
  (define-key lisp-mode-map "\C-i" 'lisp-indent-line)
  (define-key lisp-mode-map "\C-j" 'eval-print-last-sexp))

;; Add all of the hooks...
(add-hook 'c++-mode-hook 'my-c++-mode-hook)
(add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'my-c-mode-hook)
(add-hook 'scheme-mode-hook 'my-scheme-mode-hook)
(add-hook 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook 'my-lisp-mode-hook)
(add-hook 'lisp-mode-hook 'my-lisp-mode-hook)
(add-hook 'perl-mode-hook 'my-perl-mode-hook)

;; Complement to next-error
(defun previous-error (n)
  "Visit previous compilation error message and corresponding source code."
  (interactive "p")
  (next-error (- n)))

;; Misc...
(transient-mark-mode 1)
(setq mark-even-if-inactive t)
(setq visible-bell nil)
(setq next-line-add-newlines nil)
(setq compile-command "make")
(setq suggest-key-bindings nil)
(put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil)
(put 'narrow-to-region 'disabled nil)
(put 'set-goal-column 'disabled nil)
(if (>= emacs-major-version 21)
    (setq show-trailing-whitespace t))

;; Elisp archive searching
(autoload 'format-lisp-code-directory "lispdir" nil t)
(autoload 'lisp-dir-apropos "lispdir" nil t)
(autoload 'lisp-dir-retrieve "lispdir" nil t)
(autoload 'lisp-dir-verify "lispdir" nil t)

;; Font lock mode
(defun my-make-face (face color &optional bold)
  "Create a face from a color and optionally make it bold"
  (make-face face)
  (copy-face 'default face)
  (set-face-foreground face color)
  (if bold (make-face-bold face))
  )

(if (eq window-system 'x)
    (progn
      (my-make-face 'blue "blue")
      (my-make-face 'red "red")
      (my-make-face 'green "dark green")
      (setq font-lock-comment-face 'blue)
      (setq font-lock-string-face 'bold)
      (setq font-lock-type-face 'bold)
      (setq font-lock-keyword-face 'bold)
      (setq font-lock-function-name-face 'red)
      (setq font-lock-doc-string-face 'green)
      (add-hook 'find-file-hooks 'font-lock-auto-mode-select)

      (setq baud-rate 1000000)
      (global-set-key "\C-cmm" 'menu-bar-mode)
      (global-set-key "\C-cms" 'scroll-bar-mode)
      (global-set-key [backspace] 'backward-delete-char)
                    ;      (global-set-key [delete] 'delete-char)
      (standard-display-european t)
      (load-library "iso-transl")))

;; X11 or PC using direct screen writes
(if window-system
    (progn
      ;;      (global-set-key [M-f1] 'hilit-repaint-command)
      ;;      (global-set-key [M-f2] [?\C-u M-f1])
      (setq hilit-mode-enable-list
        '(not text-mode c-mode c++-mode emacs-lisp-mode lisp-mode
          scheme-mode)
        hilit-auto-highlight nil
        hilit-auto-rehighlight 'visible
        hilit-inhibit-hooks nil
        hilit-inhibit-rebinding t)
      (require 'hilit19)
      (require 'paren))
  (setq baud-rate 2400)         ; For slow serial connections
  )

;; TTY type terminal
(if (and (not window-system)
     (not (equal system-type 'ms-dos)))
    (progn
      (if first-time
      (progn
        (keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?)
        (keyboard-translate ?\C-? ?\C-h)))))

;; Under UNIX
(if (not (equal system-type 'ms-dos))
    (progn
      (if first-time
      (server-start))))

;; Add any face changes here
(add-hook 'term-setup-hook 'my-term-setup-hook)
(defun my-term-setup-hook ()
  (if (eq window-system 'pc)
      (progn
;;  (set-face-background 'default "red")
    )))

;; Restore the "desktop" - do this as late as possible
(if first-time
    (progn
      (desktop-load-default)
      (desktop-read)))

;; Indicate that this file has been read at least once
(setq first-time nil)

;; No need to debug anything now

(setq debug-on-error nil)

;; All done
(message "All done, %s%s" (user-login-name) ".")

.emacs
.el
% find /usr/ports/lang/whizbang -name "*.el" -print

/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp
/usr/ports/lang/whizbang/work/misc/whizbang.el

# cp /usr/ports/lang/whizbang/work/misc/whizbang.el /usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp

.wiz
.emacs
whizbang.el
.emacs
...
("\\.lsp$" . lisp-mode)
("\\.wiz$" . whizbang-mode)
("\\.scm$" . scheme-mode)
...

.wiz
;; Auto font lock mode
(defvar font-lock-auto-mode-list
  (list 'c-mode 'c++-mode 'c++-c-mode 'emacs-lisp-mode 'whizbang-mode 'lisp-mode 'perl-mode 'scheme-mode)
  "List of modes to always start in font-lock-mode")

.wiz
.wiz
#include <stdio.h>

void manipulate(char *buffer) {
  char newbuffer[80];
  strcpy(newbuffer,buffer);
}

int main() {
  char ch,buffer[4096];
  int i=0;

  while ((buffer[i++] = getchar()) != '\n') {};

  i=1;
  manipulate(buffer);
  i=2;
  printf("The value of i is : %d\n",i);
  return 0;
}

sysctl
LD_PRELOAD
/usr/lib/libxpg4.so
sh
LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/libxpg4.so

C-sh
setenv LD_PRELOAD /usr/lib/libxpg4.so

MAINTAINER
Makefile
MAINTAINER= 电子信箱地址

src/contrib/tcl
mac
win
compat
src/lib/libtcl
Makefile
bsd.lib.mk
src/usr.bin/tclsh
bsd.prog.mk
tclsh
Makefile
src/tools/tools/tcl_bmake
src/contrib/tcl
bmake
Makefile
src/tools
src/contrib/tcl
FREEBSD-upgrade
FREEBSD-upgrade
cvs add FREEBSD-upgrade ; cvs ci
src/contrib/cpio
This directory contains virgin sources of the original distribution files
on a "vendor" branch.  Do not, under any circumstances, attempt to upgrade
the files in this directory via patches and a cvs commit.  New versions or
official-patch versions must be imported.  Please remember to import with
"-ko" to prevent CVS from corrupting any vendor RCS Ids.

For the import of GNU cpio 2.4.2, the following files were removed:

        INSTALL         cpio.info       mkdir.c             
        Makefile.in     cpio.texi       mkinstalldirs

To upgrade to a newer version of cpio, when it is available:
        1. Unpack the new version into an empty directory.
           [Do not make ANY changes to the files.]

        2. Remove the files listed above and any others that don't apply to
           FreeBSD.

        3. Use the command:
                cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU cpio v<version>' \
                        src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_<version>

           For example, to do the import of version 2.4.2, I typed:
                cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU v2.4.2' \
                        src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_2_4_2

        4. Follow the instructions printed out in step 3 to resolve any
           conflicts between local FreeBSD changes and the newer version.

Do not, under any circumstances, deviate from this procedure.

To make local changes to cpio, simply patch and commit to the main
branch (aka HEAD).  Never make local changes on the GNU branch.

All local changes should be submitted to "cpio@gnu.ai.mit.edu" for
inclusion in the next vendor release.

obrien@FreeBSD.org - 30 March 1997

src/contrib
src/sys/contrib
体系结构名/文件名.o.uu
conf/files.*
LINT
make world
1.0
x
y
x
y
z
y
ld.so
libfoo.so.3.3.3
3.3
libfoo.so.3
(任何数字 >=
3)
(现有的最高数字)
ld.so
libc.so.2.0
ld.so
libc.so.2.2
libc.so.2.0
Makefile
Makefile
Makefile
src/tools/regression
sshd
/etc/syslogd.conf
/
/usr
/usr/obj
newfs
dd if=myimage of=/dev/ad0s1h bs=1m
bababa{bbbaaa}*
usr/src/tools/tools/ministat
fsck
/etc/rc.conf
fsck
fsck
fsck
vmstat -i
WITNESS
INVARIANTS
WITNESS

目录	说明
`bin/`	在 `/bin` 中的文件的源代码
`contrib/`	由其他开发组织维护的源代码
`crypto/`	与密码学有关的源代码
`etc/`	在 `/etc` 中的文件的源代码
`games/`	在 `/usr/games` 中的文件的源代码
`gnu/`	采用 GNU Public License 授权的工具
`include/`	在 `/usr/include` 中的文件的源代码
`kerberos5/`	第 5 版 Kerberos 的源代码
`lib/`	在 `/usr/lib` 中的文件的源代码
`libexec/`	在 `/usr/libexec` 中的文件的源代码
`release/`	用于制作 FreeBSD 发行版本的文件
`rescue/`	建造系统时 `/rescue`中的工具
`sbin/`	在 `/sbin` 中的文件的源代码
`secure/`	FreeSec 的源代码
`share/`	在 `/usr/share` 中的文件的源代码
`sys/`	内核的源代码文件
`tools/`	用于维护和自动测试 FreeBSD 的工具
`usr.bin/`	在 `/usr/bin` 中的文件的源代码
`usr.sbin/`	在 `/usr/sbin` 中的文件的源代码

`strcpy`(char dest, const char src)	可导致dest缓冲区溢出
`strcat`(char dest, const char src)	可导致dest缓冲区溢出
`getwd`(char *buf)	可导致buf缓冲区溢出
`gets`(char *s)	可导致s缓冲区溢出
`[vf]scanf`(const char *format, ...)	可导致参数溢出
`realpath`(char *path, char resolved_path[])	可导致path缓冲区溢出
`[v]sprintf`(char str, const char format, ...)	可导致str缓冲区溢出

The FreeBSD Documentation Project

FreeBSD 中文计划

第I部分. 基础

第1章 介绍

第2章 编程工具

第3章 安全的编程

第4章 本地化与国际化 - L10N 和 I18N

第5章 源代码树指南和维护发展策略

第6章 回归与性能测试

第II部分. 进程间通信

第7章 套接字

第1章　介绍

第2章　编程工具

第3章　安全的编程

第4章　本地化与国际化 - L10N 和 I18N

第5章　源代码树指南和维护发展策略

第6章　回归与性能测试

第7章　套接字